Reformasi Peter Agung, Kebijakan Progresif yang Mengubah Rusia Selamanya
Tsar Peter Agung
Sumber: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Peter-the-Great
Ketertinggalan Imperium Rusia dengan negara barat pada umumnya membuat Peter Agung mempunyai visi untuk merubah segala strukturnya. Pada awal abad ke-18, Rusia merupakan salah satu negara tertinggal di Eropa dibandingkan dengan kemajuan-kemajuan yang telah berhasil dicapai oleh negara-negara Eropa lainnya, khususnya negara Eropa Barat. Pada masa itu, masyarakat Rusia didominasi oleh kelompok-kelompok konservatif yang kemudian membuat perkembangan teknologi dan ilmu pengetahuan berjalan stagnan.
Tsar Peter Agung (Pyotr Velikiy) yang memang terlahir sebagai seorang visioner pun kemudian melakukan perjalanan besar ke sejumlah negara Eropa pada bulan Maret 1657. Perjalanan ini pada mulanya memiliki tujuan resmi membentuk koalisi melawan Ottoman. Namun, Peter mempunyai tujuannya sendiri yaitu untuk melihat dan mempelajari kemajuan teknologi negara-negara di Eropa Barat. Delegasi yang terdiri dari 250 orang ini berangkat ke berbagai kota di Eropa, seperti London dan Amsterdam. Dalam perjalanannya ini, Peter menyamar sebagai tukang kayu bernama Peter Mikhailov untuk menghindari perhatian publik.
Peterhof, kediaman pribadi Tsar yang dibangun pada masa Peter Agung di ibukota baru, Saint Petersburg dengan meniru gaya arsitektur Eropa.
Sumber: https://en.peterhofmuseum.ru/objects/peterhof/bolshoy_kaskad
Pada saat kembalinya Peter Agung ke Moskow, ia pun mulai melakukan reformasi internal untuk mengejar ketertinggalan Rusia. Peter Agung kemudian melakukan reformasi dengan menerapkan kebijakan westernisasi dan memodernisasi seluruh Imperium Rusia dari sisi pemerintahan, kemasyarakatan dan kebudayaan. Pada tahun 1712, Peter Agung memindahkan ibukota imperium ke kota Saint Petersburg yang dianggap para ahli sebagai simbol reformasi dengan membuka jendela atau dalam kata lain mendekat ke Eropa (Mengingat letak Saint Petersburg sebagai kota yang paling dekat dengan negara Eropa lainnya).
Dalam modernisasi ketentaraan Imperium Rusia, Angkatan Laut menjadi salah satu kekuatan penting dan menjadi yang terkuat dalam ketentaraan Rusia yang berpusat di sungai Volga. Peter Agung membangun angkatan laut pertama Rusia dan berhasil menjadi salah satu kekuatan besar di Eropa. Great Northern War antara pasukan koalisi yang terdiri dari Rusia, Polandia dan Denmark antara tahun 1700 hingga 1721 berhasil dimenangkan oleh pasukan koalisi Rusia dengan ditandatanganinya perjanjian Nystad. Dalam peperangan ini, Rusia berhasil menganeksasi wilayah Baltik dan menjadi kekuatan dominan di kawasan tersebut. Selain angkatan laut, Peter Agung juga mengubah kinerja tentaranya dengan membawa orang-orang asing untuk melatih tentara Rusia dengan standar Barat.
Wilayah yang berhasil didapatkan Rusia sesuai perjanjian Nystad pada tahun 1721 ditunjukkan dengan warna merah.
Sumber:http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/The%20Baltic%20States/nordkrieg_files/image023.jpg
Peter Agung juga membuat berbagai pembaharuan di bidang birokrasi. Hal ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan efektivitas dan efisiensi birokrat. Pada tahun 1711, Peter membentuk sebuah senat yang terdiri atas sepuluh (kemudian sebelas) anggota untuk mengatur seluruh kegiatan administratif imperium yang disebut sebagai ober-procurator, yang menjadi penghubung antara senat dan monarki Rusia. Pada tahun 1717, Peter menggantikan departemen pemerintahan Muskovy dengan sebuah lembaga baru yang disebut sebagai Collegia. Lembaga ini beranggotakan sembilan orang yang mengatur kegiatan hubungan luar negeri dan perdagangan. Peter juga mengatur agar pemimpin kota ditunjuk melalui pemilihan lokal oleh rakyat kota itu sendiri. Namun reformasi ini gagal karena mendapat pertentangan keras. Untuk menciptakan birokrasi di pemerintahannya, Peter pun kemudian membagi Imperium Rusia menjadi limapuluh Guberniya. Dimana setiap Gubernurnya bertanggungjawab pada senat lokal.
Pembaharuan lain di bidang birokrasi adalah Table of Ranks yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 1722. Pada dasarnya, Table of Ranks ini merupakan perpangkatan dalam struktur pemerintahan Rusia. Peringkat-peringkat tersebut terbagi atas empat belas pangkat sipil dan militer. Semakin tinggi pangkat yang dimiliki, maka semakin banyak prestige yang didapatkannya sebagai bangsawan. Sistem ini dibentuk karena keinginan Peter Agung yang menginginkan masuknya para bangsawan pada jabatan-jabatan administratif tertentu. Namun, kebijakan ini menyebabkan birokrasi menjadi gemuk dan tidak efisien.
Peter Agung juga mengubah struktur gereja kekristenan Ortodoks di Rusia. Peter melakukan sekulerisasi Imperium Rusia dari kekuasaan gereja Ortodoks. Gereja Ortodoks dipisahkan dengan negara pada era ini. Hal ini menyebabkan gereja tidak mempunyai pengaruh lagi dalam pemerintahan dan kekuasaan di Rusia. Perpindahan ibukota Rusia ke Saint Petersburg juga merupakan bentuk pemisahan gereja dengan negara yang diketahui bahwa Moskow sebagai pusat Gereja Ortodoks Rusia. Selain itu, dengan dibukanya Imperium Rusia terhadap dunia Barat, membuat masuknya aliran-aliran Kristen lain seperti Katolik, Protestan dan Lutheran. Meskipun pemerintahan mengakui tidak memiliki kekuasaan di dalam gereja, namun pada kenyataannya reformasi ini membuat negara mempunyai kontrol atas organisasi dan kebijakan gereja ortodoks. Hal ini disebabkan karena petinggi gereja ortodoks saat itu dipilih oleh Tsar sehingga memudahkan kontrol pemerintah atas gereja dan menjadikan gereja sebagai instrumen pendukung kekuasaan Tsar.
Pada bidang ekonomi, Peter tidak melakukan perubahan yang banyak. Namun, Peter meningkatkan pajak untuk penerimaan negara, dimana penerimaan ini sangat dibutuhkan untuk membangun reformasi di perkotaan seperti dalam pembangunan infrastruktur imperium. Peter juga mengeluarkan berbagai stimulus ekonomi guna perkembangan ekonomi Imperium Rusia. Perkembangan ekonomi di era ini ditandai dengan kemunculan berbagai industri besar di sekitar wilayah Ural dan Olonets yang menjadi pusat industri metalurgi dan militer. Salah satu dukungan negara terhadap industri lokal adalah larangan impor sutra untuk melindungi industri lokal. Peter juga membuka hubungan dagang dengan Cina, India dan Persia.
Di bidang sosial, Peter mengubah gaya hidup orang Rusia untuk menjadi terbuka terhadap pemikiran Barat. Peter melarang pemeliharaan jenggot bagi para pria yang kala itu merupakan kebiasaan pria Rusia. Peter mengenakan pajak bagi siapa-siapa yang memiliki jenggot. Sedangkan di bidang bahasa, terdapat penyerapan unsur-unsur bahasa Barat seperti dalam kosakata bahasa Rusia.
Di bidang pendidikan dan kebudayaan, Peter banyak membawa tenaga-tenaga asing untuk ikut menyumbang dalam pendidikan di Rusia. Peter Agung mewajibkan semua anak-anak bangsawan harus mendapatkan pendidikan dasar. Pada tahun 1714, Tsar Peter mengeluarkan undang-undang yang mewajibkan pendidikan untuk semua anak-anak bangsawan dan pejabat pemerintahan untuk mempelajari matematika dan geometri. Pada era ini, Peter juga mendirikan Russia Academy of Sciences yang pertama kali menerbitkan sebuah harian di Rusia. Peter juga banyak mendirikan galeri seni dan membangun kota-kota di Rusia dengan gaya yang artistik. Sebagai contoh kota Saint Petersburg yang dibuat menyerupai Versailles dengan gaya kanal yang diambil dari kota Venesia menciptakan kota yang sangat indah sebagai simbol modernisasi Rusia.
Lukisan yang menggambarkan patung Tsar Peter Agung yang bernama Medniy Vsadnik (Bronze Horseman).
Sumber:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronze_Horseman_and_St%27Isaac%27s_cathedral_1890-1900.jpg
Reformasi di era Peter Agung ini secara garis besar telah mengubah Rusia dan memperkuat posisi Imperium Rusia di Eropa. Reformasi ini berhasil menuntun Rusia menuju kemenangan pada Great Northern War. Selain itu, reformasi ini telah mengubah wajah Rusia menjadi satu kekuatan Imperium yang bukan hanya luas namun juga memiliki kekuatan di berbagai bidang. Reformasi ini berhasil meningkatkan produktivitas dan pemasukan bagi kekaisaran. Perkembangan teknologi dan kebudayaan yang diusung Peter melalui kebijakan westernisasi ini masih berlanjut hingga runtuhnya kekaisaran pada tahun 1917. Kebijakan penguatan birokrasi melalui pembaharuan ini juga memperkuat posisi otokrasi dalam pemerintahan Rusia dan mempengaruhi perkembangan otokrasi di Rusia hingga masa Uni Soviet dan sekarang.
Referensi:
Kublin, Hyman. (1974). Russia (Houghton Mifflin regional studies program). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. Peter the Great. Microsoft® Encarta® 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008.
Tsar Peter Agung
Sumber: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Peter-the-Great
Ketertinggalan Imperium Rusia dengan negara barat pada umumnya membuat Peter Agung mempunyai visi untuk merubah segala strukturnya. Pada awal abad ke-18, Rusia merupakan salah satu negara tertinggal di Eropa dibandingkan dengan kemajuan-kemajuan yang telah berhasil dicapai oleh negara-negara Eropa lainnya, khususnya negara Eropa Barat. Pada masa itu, masyarakat Rusia didominasi oleh kelompok-kelompok konservatif yang kemudian membuat perkembangan teknologi dan ilmu pengetahuan berjalan stagnan.
Tsar Peter Agung (Pyotr Velikiy) yang memang terlahir sebagai seorang visioner pun kemudian melakukan perjalanan besar ke sejumlah negara Eropa pada bulan Maret 1657. Perjalanan ini pada mulanya memiliki tujuan resmi membentuk koalisi melawan Ottoman. Namun, Peter mempunyai tujuannya sendiri yaitu untuk melihat dan mempelajari kemajuan teknologi negara-negara di Eropa Barat. Delegasi yang terdiri dari 250 orang ini berangkat ke berbagai kota di Eropa, seperti London dan Amsterdam. Dalam perjalanannya ini, Peter menyamar sebagai tukang kayu bernama Peter Mikhailov untuk menghindari perhatian publik.
Peterhof, kediaman pribadi Tsar yang dibangun pada masa Peter Agung di ibukota baru, Saint Petersburg dengan meniru gaya arsitektur Eropa.
Sumber: https://en.peterhofmuseum.ru/objects/peterhof/bolshoy_kaskad
Pada saat kembalinya Peter Agung ke Moskow, ia pun mulai melakukan reformasi internal untuk mengejar ketertinggalan Rusia. Peter Agung kemudian melakukan reformasi dengan menerapkan kebijakan westernisasi dan memodernisasi seluruh Imperium Rusia dari sisi pemerintahan, kemasyarakatan dan kebudayaan. Pada tahun 1712, Peter Agung memindahkan ibukota imperium ke kota Saint Petersburg yang dianggap para ahli sebagai simbol reformasi dengan membuka jendela atau dalam kata lain mendekat ke Eropa (Mengingat letak Saint Petersburg sebagai kota yang paling dekat dengan negara Eropa lainnya).
Dalam modernisasi ketentaraan Imperium Rusia, Angkatan Laut menjadi salah satu kekuatan penting dan menjadi yang terkuat dalam ketentaraan Rusia yang berpusat di sungai Volga. Peter Agung membangun angkatan laut pertama Rusia dan berhasil menjadi salah satu kekuatan besar di Eropa. Great Northern War antara pasukan koalisi yang terdiri dari Rusia, Polandia dan Denmark antara tahun 1700 hingga 1721 berhasil dimenangkan oleh pasukan koalisi Rusia dengan ditandatanganinya perjanjian Nystad. Dalam peperangan ini, Rusia berhasil menganeksasi wilayah Baltik dan menjadi kekuatan dominan di kawasan tersebut. Selain angkatan laut, Peter Agung juga mengubah kinerja tentaranya dengan membawa orang-orang asing untuk melatih tentara Rusia dengan standar Barat.
Wilayah yang berhasil didapatkan Rusia sesuai perjanjian Nystad pada tahun 1721 ditunjukkan dengan warna merah.
Sumber:http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/The%20Baltic%20States/nordkrieg_files/image023.jpg
Peter Agung juga membuat berbagai pembaharuan di bidang birokrasi. Hal ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan efektivitas dan efisiensi birokrat. Pada tahun 1711, Peter membentuk sebuah senat yang terdiri atas sepuluh (kemudian sebelas) anggota untuk mengatur seluruh kegiatan administratif imperium yang disebut sebagai ober-procurator, yang menjadi penghubung antara senat dan monarki Rusia. Pada tahun 1717, Peter menggantikan departemen pemerintahan Muskovy dengan sebuah lembaga baru yang disebut sebagai Collegia. Lembaga ini beranggotakan sembilan orang yang mengatur kegiatan hubungan luar negeri dan perdagangan. Peter juga mengatur agar pemimpin kota ditunjuk melalui pemilihan lokal oleh rakyat kota itu sendiri. Namun reformasi ini gagal karena mendapat pertentangan keras. Untuk menciptakan birokrasi di pemerintahannya, Peter pun kemudian membagi Imperium Rusia menjadi limapuluh Guberniya. Dimana setiap Gubernurnya bertanggungjawab pada senat lokal.
Pembaharuan lain di bidang birokrasi adalah Table of Ranks yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 1722. Pada dasarnya, Table of Ranks ini merupakan perpangkatan dalam struktur pemerintahan Rusia. Peringkat-peringkat tersebut terbagi atas empat belas pangkat sipil dan militer. Semakin tinggi pangkat yang dimiliki, maka semakin banyak prestige yang didapatkannya sebagai bangsawan. Sistem ini dibentuk karena keinginan Peter Agung yang menginginkan masuknya para bangsawan pada jabatan-jabatan administratif tertentu. Namun, kebijakan ini menyebabkan birokrasi menjadi gemuk dan tidak efisien.
Peter Agung juga mengubah struktur gereja kekristenan Ortodoks di Rusia. Peter melakukan sekulerisasi Imperium Rusia dari kekuasaan gereja Ortodoks. Gereja Ortodoks dipisahkan dengan negara pada era ini. Hal ini menyebabkan gereja tidak mempunyai pengaruh lagi dalam pemerintahan dan kekuasaan di Rusia. Perpindahan ibukota Rusia ke Saint Petersburg juga merupakan bentuk pemisahan gereja dengan negara yang diketahui bahwa Moskow sebagai pusat Gereja Ortodoks Rusia. Selain itu, dengan dibukanya Imperium Rusia terhadap dunia Barat, membuat masuknya aliran-aliran Kristen lain seperti Katolik, Protestan dan Lutheran. Meskipun pemerintahan mengakui tidak memiliki kekuasaan di dalam gereja, namun pada kenyataannya reformasi ini membuat negara mempunyai kontrol atas organisasi dan kebijakan gereja ortodoks. Hal ini disebabkan karena petinggi gereja ortodoks saat itu dipilih oleh Tsar sehingga memudahkan kontrol pemerintah atas gereja dan menjadikan gereja sebagai instrumen pendukung kekuasaan Tsar.
Pada bidang ekonomi, Peter tidak melakukan perubahan yang banyak. Namun, Peter meningkatkan pajak untuk penerimaan negara, dimana penerimaan ini sangat dibutuhkan untuk membangun reformasi di perkotaan seperti dalam pembangunan infrastruktur imperium. Peter juga mengeluarkan berbagai stimulus ekonomi guna perkembangan ekonomi Imperium Rusia. Perkembangan ekonomi di era ini ditandai dengan kemunculan berbagai industri besar di sekitar wilayah Ural dan Olonets yang menjadi pusat industri metalurgi dan militer. Salah satu dukungan negara terhadap industri lokal adalah larangan impor sutra untuk melindungi industri lokal. Peter juga membuka hubungan dagang dengan Cina, India dan Persia.
Di bidang sosial, Peter mengubah gaya hidup orang Rusia untuk menjadi terbuka terhadap pemikiran Barat. Peter melarang pemeliharaan jenggot bagi para pria yang kala itu merupakan kebiasaan pria Rusia. Peter mengenakan pajak bagi siapa-siapa yang memiliki jenggot. Sedangkan di bidang bahasa, terdapat penyerapan unsur-unsur bahasa Barat seperti dalam kosakata bahasa Rusia.
Di bidang pendidikan dan kebudayaan, Peter banyak membawa tenaga-tenaga asing untuk ikut menyumbang dalam pendidikan di Rusia. Peter Agung mewajibkan semua anak-anak bangsawan harus mendapatkan pendidikan dasar. Pada tahun 1714, Tsar Peter mengeluarkan undang-undang yang mewajibkan pendidikan untuk semua anak-anak bangsawan dan pejabat pemerintahan untuk mempelajari matematika dan geometri. Pada era ini, Peter juga mendirikan Russia Academy of Sciences yang pertama kali menerbitkan sebuah harian di Rusia. Peter juga banyak mendirikan galeri seni dan membangun kota-kota di Rusia dengan gaya yang artistik. Sebagai contoh kota Saint Petersburg yang dibuat menyerupai Versailles dengan gaya kanal yang diambil dari kota Venesia menciptakan kota yang sangat indah sebagai simbol modernisasi Rusia.
Lukisan yang menggambarkan patung Tsar Peter Agung yang bernama Medniy Vsadnik (Bronze Horseman).
Sumber:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronze_Horseman_and_St%27Isaac%27s_cathedral_1890-1900.jpg
Reformasi di era Peter Agung ini secara garis besar telah mengubah Rusia dan memperkuat posisi Imperium Rusia di Eropa. Reformasi ini berhasil menuntun Rusia menuju kemenangan pada Great Northern War. Selain itu, reformasi ini telah mengubah wajah Rusia menjadi satu kekuatan Imperium yang bukan hanya luas namun juga memiliki kekuatan di berbagai bidang. Reformasi ini berhasil meningkatkan produktivitas dan pemasukan bagi kekaisaran. Perkembangan teknologi dan kebudayaan yang diusung Peter melalui kebijakan westernisasi ini masih berlanjut hingga runtuhnya kekaisaran pada tahun 1917. Kebijakan penguatan birokrasi melalui pembaharuan ini juga memperkuat posisi otokrasi dalam pemerintahan Rusia dan mempengaruhi perkembangan otokrasi di Rusia hingga masa Uni Soviet dan sekarang.
Referensi:
Kublin, Hyman. (1974). Russia (Houghton Mifflin regional studies program). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. Peter the Great. Microsoft® Encarta® 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008.
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This union had been established between Denmark and Sweden in 1873 on the recommendation of a joint fee (by which Norway participated) to establish a common Scandinavian coin primarily based on gold.
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Colorado College at Boulder Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry.
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