Antartika, Benua Terkering di Dunia
Antartika, Benua Terkering di Dunia
Daratan Benua Antartika
Banyak yang mengira bahwa Benua Afrika merupakan benua terkering di dunia. Hal ini disebabkan oleh mayoritas wilayah Afrika yang merupakan gurun di utara atau padang sabana di sebelah selatan. Namun, benua terkering di dunia sebenarnya adalah Benua Antartika. Antartika memiliki tingkat curah hujan yang sangat rendah yaitu hanya mencapai 50 mm per tahunnya dan menjadikan wilayah Antartika merupakan hamparan gurun yang tertutup es. Sementara itu, wilayah kering di Benua Afrika memiliki curah hujan yang lebih tinggi di kisaran 250 hingga 500 mm per tahunnya.
Antartika adalah salah satu benua yang terletak di selatan bumi, tepatnya di wilayah kutub selatan. Hal inilah yang kemudian membedakan antara kutub utara dan kutub selatan dimana kutub selatan merupakan sebuah benua yang tertutup es, sedangkan kutub utara merupakan sebuah samudera yang tertutup lapisan es yang disebut sebagai Samudera Arktik. Antartika merupakan benua terbesar kelima dari tujuh benua yang ada, lebih besar dari Benua Eropa dan Benua Australia. Suhu di Antartika sangatlah dingin dimana suhunya selalu berada di bawah titik beku. Pada musim dingin suhu dapat mencapai minus 80 derajat celcius, sedangkan di musim panas dapat mencapai minus 30 derajat celcius. Daratan Benua Antartika sendiri merupakan lapisan es yang sangat dalam. Diperkirakan volume es yang menutupi Antartika mencapai 29 juta km kubik atau merupakan 90% dari lapisan es di seluruh dunia. Lapisan es tersebut terlah terbentuk lama selama jutaan tahun. Pemanasan global yang juga melelehkan es di Antartika dapat memberikan dampak yang sangat besar bagi kehidupan di muka bumi.
Benua Antartika telah diketahui keberadaanya sejak abad pertengahan. Wilayah ini pada masa itu disebut sebagai sebagai terra australis atau ‘tanah di selatan’. Pada tahun 1773, seorang penjelajah bernama James Cook berhasil mencapai lintang 71 derajat. Dalam catatannya, ia tidak menemukan benua atau pulau. Namun, banyaknya gunung es membuat dia berkesimpulan bahwa terdapat daratan di sebelah selatan. Pencapaian James Cook ini kemudian memulai apa yang disebut sebagai eksplorasi ke kutub selatan. Pada Bulan Juli 1819, penjelajah asal Rusia yang bernama Fabian Gottlieb von Bellinghausen berhasil menjelajahi Pulau South Georgia dan Pulau South Sandwich yang terletak dekat Antartika. Pada awal abad ke-19, sudah banyak orang-orang yang tiba di ujung Benua Antartika untuk berburu anjing laut dan paus. Selain itu, para penjelajah dari berbagai negara juga datang untuk menjelajahi Antartika. Penjelajah tersebut, antara lain seperti Jules Dumont d’Urville (Perancis), Charles Wilkes (Amerika Serikat), Sir James Clark Ross (Inggris), dan Henryk Bull (Norwegia).
Pada tahun 1904, Carl Anton Larsen yang berasal dari Norwegia mendirikan pemukiman untuk para pemburu paus di Antartika. Pada tahun 1908, Inggris mengklaim Pulau South Georgia, Pulau South Shetland, Pulau South Orkney, dan Pulau South Sandwich sebagai wilayah Inggris. Klaim ini secara otomatis memberlakukan pajak bagi para pemburu paus dan anjing laut di wilayah tersebut. Pada tahun 1923, Inggris kembali mengklaim wilayah Ross Ice Shelf (bagian dari Benua Antartika) sebagai wilayahnya. Pada tahun 1924, Perancis menyusul dengan mengklaim wilayah yang telah dijelajahi d’Urville dan Terre Adelie. Pada tahun 1939, Norwegia juga mengklaim wilayah yang mereka sebut sebagai Dronning Maud Land. Sementara itu, pemerintah Amerika Serikat memiliki kebijakan yang berbeda terhadap Antartika. Kebijakan tersebut mengakui wilayah Antartika sebagai wilayah netral dan pemerintah Amerika tidak mengakui klaim-klaim negara-negara lain atas Antartika.
Pada tanggal 1 Desember 1959, Perjanjian Antartika berhasil ditandatangani. Pada saat itu, terdapat 12 negara yang menandatangani perjanjian ini, yaitu: Argentina, Australia, Belgia, Chile, Perancis, Jepang, Selandia Baru, Norwegia, Afrika Selatan, Uni Soviet, Britania Raya, dan Amerika Serikat. Dalam perjanjian ini, disepakati bahwa seluruh wilayah baik daratan ataupun lautan mulai dari lintang 60 derajat sebelah selatan dimanfaatkan untuk kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan perdamaian. Perjanjian ini tidak mengakui klaim politis suatu negara atas Antartika, melarang operasi militer, penggunaan senjata nuklir, pembuangan limbah radioaktif di Antartika. Selain itu, perjanjian ini juga sepakat untuk mendorong kemajuan riset dan ilmu pengetahuan di Antartika, melindungi ekosistem di Antartika, dan melarang kegiatan pertambangan selama 50 tahun terhitung sejak tahun 1991. Hingga saat ini, sudah terdapat 54 negara yang telah ikut meratifikasi perjanjian ini
Saat ini, Antarrika hanya dihuni oleh para ilmuwan yang berasal dari 30 negara yang membangun stasiun risetnya di Antartika. Terdapat hingga 80 stasiun riset di Antartika dengan populasi berkisar antara 1000 hingga 5000 orang pada musim panas. McMurdo yang merupakan stasiun riset milik Amerika Serikat merupakan stasiun riset terbesar di Antartika. Stasiun riset ini dapat menampung hingga 1000 peneliti.
Sumber: https://www.britannica.com/place/Antarctica
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